Me pēhea te whai i te mycoprotein taiao ki te hanga kai kurī?

He aha te take kia whakamahinga te mycoprotein hei whakarerekē ātaahua ki ngā pūhanga protein ā-taiao

Te mycoprotein—whanangia mai i te whananga ā-hau o Fusarium venenatum e tuku ana i tētahi PDCAAS o te 0.996, e ōrite ana ki te kounga o ngā pūmua kararehe, ā, he pūkete ōrite o ngā waikawa amino hira katoa. He taonga te reira i te muka kai (≈6%), he iti i roto i te ngako makona, me te whakarato i te rino, te raima, me nga huaora B (Finnigan et al., 2019). Kaore i rite ki te paraoa o te witi, te paraoa ika rānei, kāore he whenua whakato e hiahiatia ana e te mycoprotein, he iti rawa hoki te wai e whakamahia ana, e whakaputa ana i tētahi waewae waro 10x iti iho i te kikokiko me te 4x iti iho i te heihei (2024). Ko tēnei e wehewehe ana i te hanga kai i ngā mākete rawa whakaheke me ngā mōrearea tuku e pā ana ki te āhuarangi. Ko tōna whakaranu whakahaere e whakarite ana i te ōritetanga o te puranga ki te puranga, e whakakore ana i ngā take anti-kai, ā, e āhei ana i te whakakapi ā-wā o ngā pūmua noa. Mō ngā kaiwhakanao kai, he pūmārō rautaki te mycoprotein: ka whakaiti i te pānga o te taiao, ka whakapūmau i ngā utu tāuru, ā, ka tautoko i te hauora kararehe mā ngā muka mahi e whakarei ake ana i te pūmautanga o te kiri. Ko tōna kaha ki te maroke me te waipuke e whakapakari ana i te pono o te tuku i roto i ngā rohe e ngoikore ana ki te āhuarangi, i te wā e whakaiti ana i ngā āwangawanga haumaru. Ki te tūnga GRAS me ngā ōrau whakauru kua whakamanahia o te 30% ki roto i ngā kai ika me ngā kai manu, he otinga whaihua, whānuitia, e hāngai ana ki ngā whakahau tauwhiro ao me te piki haere o te tono a te kiritaki mō ngā hua kararehe i whakaputahia ki te whai mana.

Te Mycoprotein i ngā kai moana: Te whai hua, ngā rūlinga whakakōpae, me ngā whakamātautau i te ao pūnaha

Te rite o te hauānga, me ngā painga mātua o te kai i tēnei i tēnei i te kai ika

Ko te mycoprotein he 45–55% o te whakamātau, ā, ko tōna whakamātau o ngā amino acid e rite ana ki te whakamātau o te ika kua whakamātūtū—ā, he rite ngā whakamātau o te lysine me te methionine—ā, ko tana iti o ngā lipid he āki i te whakamātautau o te whakamātautau o te whakamātautau. I waho i te uara o ngā whakamātau, ko te whakamātau o ngā pūpū he whakamātautau i ngā whakamātautau o te tinana: i ngā whakamātautau, i kitea ai ngā ika kua kai i te mycoprotein he nui ake ngā whakamātautau o ngā phagocyte, he nui ake ngā whakamātautau o ngā lysozyme, me ngā whakamātautau o ngā antimicrobial peptide—ā, he whakamātautau i te whakamātautau o te tinana, me te whakamātautau i te mate. He whakamātautau hoki i ngā pūpū pai o te puku, me te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau o te puku, hei tautoko i te whakamātautau o ngā whakamātau, me te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau o ngā rongoā kia whakamātautau. Heoi anō, ko te chitin i te pūpū o te pūpū he āki i te whakamātautau i ngā whakamātautau o te whakamātautau. Ko te whakamātautau o te whakamātautau, i te whakamātautau o te whakamātautau, he whakamātautau i te whakamātautau me te whakamātautau, kia rite ai te mycoprotein ki te whakamātautau o te ika, ā, kia whakamātautau ai ngā whakamātautau o te hauora e kore e whakamātautau i ngā whakamātau ōrite.

Te whakamātautau i te ika salmon o te moana Āwherika: Te whakamāngai i te 30% o te mycoprotein i whakapai ake i te FCR i te 12%

I tēnei whakamātautau i te rahi o te pakihi, i whakamāngai ai te 30% o te kai ika i te mycoprotein i ngā kai mō te ika salmon o te moana Āwherika, ā, i whakapai ake i te whakamāngai kai (FCR) i te 12% i te wā o ngā 12 wiki, ā, kāore he pakaru i te haere o te tipu, i te oranga hoki (>98%). I kitea i ngā whakamātautau i ngā pūpū o te puku ngā vili roa ake, me te rākau paku kaha ake—ēnei he tohu o te pai ake o te hauora o te puku—ā, i ngā whakamātautau i te rōpū o ngā mīkrohītia, i kitea ai te nui ake o ngā baktēria o te lactic acid e whakapai ana i te whakamāngai i ngā rākau kai. Kāore he rerekētanga i te whakamāngai kai, i te pai hoki o te kai. Ko ēnei whakamātautau e whakaatu ana ko te whakamāngai i te 30% kāore noa he whāinga tātai, engari he whāinga hoki o te tauāki—e whakapai ana i ngā hua o te whakamāngai, o te kaha o te puku hoki, kāore he rerekētanga i ngā hua o te mahi.

Te mycoprotein mō ngā kai mō ngā manu kai: Te whakautu o te tipu, te hauora o te puku, me ngā rārangi o te whakamāngai

Ko te mycoprotein he ingrediēnt e rua ngā mahi i ngā kai mō ngā manu mātāmua—ā, he tautoko i te tipanga me te hauora o te puku i te wā e whakamāmenetia ana i ngā rāhinga e whai pūtake ana. Ko ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei he whakamārama i ngā whakamātau i ngā manu mātāmua, ā, ko ngā rāhinga haumaru, e whai hua ana, e whakamāmenetia ana.

Te whakamātautau ā-huinga mō ngā manu mātāmua: ko te 5–10% he whakamāmenetanga e whakapakari ana i te tipanga (+8.3%) me te tūpono o te puku

I tēnei tau, i tātari ngā whakamātau kia kai ngā pouaka i te tau 2023, i kitea ko te whakamāngai i te 5–10% o ngā huinga kai tūturu ki te mycoprotein i pāpātia ai te pāpātanga o te pāpātanga o te kaha o te wāhanga o te rā (ADG) ki te 8.3%, ā, i whakamāua hoki te FCR ki te 6.5%. I tēnei wāhanga, i whakamāua hoki ngā āhua o ngā wāhanga o te puku: i pāpātia ai te teitei o ngā villus ki te 12–15%, i iti ake ngā crypt depth, ā, i pāpātia ake hoki te whakawhitinga o ngā villus ki ngā crypt—e tohu ana i te whakamāua o te pāpātanga o te whakamāmā i ngā kai, ā, o te mahinga o te rākau. Hei rāwekenga o ēnei, he rāwekenga o te whakamāmā o ngā amino acid, ā, o te wāhanga o te kai e whakamāmātia ai, e whakamāmā ai ngā bakteria e whakamāmā ai i te butyrate, ā, e whakamāmā ai hoki i ngā protein o ngā tight-junction. Ko te putanga, he iti ake te whakamāmā o ngā wāhanga o te puku, he pai ake te whakamāmā i ngā kai, ā, he pāpātanga tonu o ngā whakamāmā—kāore he rongoā hei whakamāmā i te kaha.

Te whakamātautau i ngā rāwekenga: te whakamāmā i te rākau o te tinana vs. ngā rāwekenga kāore i te pai i runga ake i te 15% o te whakamāngai

I tēnā i te 15%, kāore ngā rārangi whakauru i ngā wāhi o te chitin me ngā āhua nucleic e piki ake ana, ā, he whakamātau i te uru whakamātautau o te tinana, ā, he hāngā mai i te whakamātautau pai ki te whakamātautau pūmau. I ngā whakamātau, kua tuhia ngā cytokine whakamātautau pūmau, ā, he pakaru 5–8% i te pāpātanga o te pāpātanga i te 20% o ngā wāhi—ā, he tohu o te whakamātautau o te hiko mai i te tipu. I te rārangi 5–10%, he pai tonu te whakamātautau o te uru whakamātautau: e whakapai ake ana i ngā whakautu o ngā rākau whakamātautau me te whakamātautau o ngā pūrākau, ā, kāore he whakamātautau pūmau. He ara pānga, he ara mō ia iwi, hei whakamātautau i ngā wāhi hei whakamātautau o te uru whakamātautau hei whakamātautau haumaru me te whakamātautau pai.

Te whakamārama i te whakauru i te Mycoprotein: Ngā hāhā, te whakamātautau, me ngā aratohu whakamātautau

Te pūmau o te hāhā, te whakamātautau ā-enzymatic, me te whaiwhai o ngā amino acid

Ko te mycoprotein e whai whakaaro pai ana i ngā whakamātautau ā-taumata. Ko te whakamātautau ā-thermā (70–80°C) iti he whāinga hei whakakaha i ngā β-glucans mai i ngā pūpū o ngā kōhanga, ā, he whāinga hoki hei whakakaha i ngā pānga ki te hauora o te puku (Te Whare Wānanga o East Anglia, 2022). Heoi anō, ko te mātua o te hōhi he raru ki te whakamāngō i ngā amino acid āhua mātātū—ā, ko te lysine te tino pāngia—ā, he iti ake te wāhi e whai ai. Ko te whakamātautau i mua i te whakamāhi i ngā enzyme (ko ngā cellulase, ngā protease) he whāinga hei whakamāngō i te pūpū kōhanga kaha i te chitin, ā, he whāinga hoki hei whakakaha i te whakamāhi i ngā protein i te 15% i ngā whakamātautau i ngā kararehe kāore he ngāwari o te puku. Ko ngā whakamātautau i ngā amino acid e tū tonu ana, ā, ko ngā taupua o te lysine me te methionine e rite ana ki ngā taupua o te kai ika. Ko te whakamāhi i te protein i tōna katoa he nui ake i te 85%, ā, he tautoko nā te hanga o ngā hyphae e tū tonu ana, ā, he whāinga hoki hei whakakaha i te whakaputanga ā-iti o ngā peptide i te wā o te whakamāhi—ā, he whāinga hoki hei whakakaha i te whakamāhi ā-roa o ngā amino acid me te whakamāmā i ngā pānga o te ammonia i muri i te kai.

He rārangi whakauru i te rārangi: te wā o te timatanga → te wā o te tipu → ngā panonitanga o te wā o te whakamutunga

Whakamahinga i tēnei rautaki whakauru i ngā wāhanga kia whai hua rawa atu i te whakamāmātanga me te whakamāhinga o ngā utu. I ngā kai tuatahi, timata mai i te 3–5% o te mycoprotein hei tautoko i te whananga tuatahi o te puku kia kāore e tōpū ake i te āhua o te whakamātautau. I muri i te wā whakamāmātanga e 2 wiki, pānui ake ki te 8–12% i ngā kai whananga—ko tēnei te tauira e whai ana i te whakapāha o te 8.3% i te pānga o te pānga o te tāwhai me ngā whananga o te puku i ngā whakamātautau i ngā manu kai. I ngā wā o te whakamutunga, whakamāmātia ki te 5–8% kia kāore ai ngā pānga kore-whānuitanga e hono ana i te whakauru pūmau i ngā tauira i te 15% i te taumata. Whakamātua tonu ngā āhua o ngā whakamātautau o te puku me ngā tauira o te whananga i ngā wā katoa o ngā panonikanga. Mō ngā kai moana, ko te whakakapi i te 30% o te ika kai i ngā ika salmon o te Atlantic he whakamātautau kua whakamātauria—engari ko ēnei tauira pūmau he rereke i te momo ika me ngā whānau. Me whakamātautau tonu ngā tauira o te whakauru i runga i te pūtake o te mycoprotein, i te āhua o te tinana o te momo ika, me ngā whāinga o te whananga.

FAQ

He aha te mycoprotein?

Ko te mycoprotein he whakamātautau o te whakamātautau mai i te whakamātautau o te pūrākau Fusarium venenatum he whānui ngā amino acid āhua matua, ngā hāngā kai, me ngā nutrihanga e wātea ana hei whakamātau, pērā i te iroa me ngā wāhanga B.

He aha ngā whai hua o te mycoprotein mō ngā kaiwhakamahi kai āniwaniwa?

He iti te pānga o te mycoprotein ki te taiao, he ōrite ngā utu mō ngā kai, he pai ake te hauora o te puku, ā, he rereke, he whānui hoki te puna o ngā hāngā kai e kaha ana ki ngā raru o te huarere i tātari ai i ngā kai.

He aha ngā tauira o ngā whakauru kua whakamātau ai mō te mycoprotein?

I ngā kai moana, ka taea te whakauru kia 30%, ā, i ngā kai mō ngā manu, ko ngā whakauru pai he 5–10%, ā, he tautoko i te tipu me ngā whai hua mō te hauora o te puku.

He aha ngā raru e pā ana ki ngā whakauru nui o te mycoprotein?

Mā ngā whakauru nui e whakauru ai ngā kai kore-whai-hua pērā i te chitin, ā, e whakamāmā ai i te whakamātau, ā, e whakamāngō ai i ngā uru whakarae o te tinana.

Me pēhea te whakapai ake i te whakamātau mō te mycoprotein?

Ko te whakamātau i mua i te whakamāhi i ngā enezima pērā i ngā cellulase me ngā protease he whakapai ake i te whakamātau, i te whakawhitinga i ngā pūpū o te mycoprotein e whānui ana i te chitin.